Nores vs Greek Essay Example For Students

The 1970s vs. 2000s Free Essays

Numerous investigations have demonstrated that individuals see the world with 80 milliseconds of postponement, which implies that we live 80 milliseconds behind the real world; this is on the grounds that there is some exchange time from our faculties to our mind (Meyers 7). The separation between the ages have diverse authentic encounters, responses of later ages about majority rules system, financial aspects, music, style, as the transformations were taking in all viewpoints. The contrasts between ages have their own significance; in any case, we can thoroughly analyze them, somewhere in the range of 1970s and 2000s in three perspectives : music, patterns and innovation. We will compose a custom exposition test on The 1970s versus 2000s or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now During the 1970s, individuals appreciated music by radio, tapes, live shows and brought vinyl records, though during the 2000s through programming, for example, Spotify and Itunes are utilized, Youtube permits crowds to get to a wide scope of music from various types and downloading music from on the web. Then again, in the1970s music was showcased by method of the craftsman gigs being publicized in papers, the band would play live on music programs and furthermore visiting was an essential methods for advancement, while during the 2000s a few specialists part with free blend tapes, TV adverts and online site pages (Rodriguez 94). As instances of specialists having a place with the 1970s can choose: Bee Gees, Elton John and ABBA; interestingly, during the 2000s can specify: Colplay, Beyonce and Britney Spears. Notwithstanding the music, a distinction that set apart between these two decades have been the patterns. Design in the garments of 1970s, the perfect was not to show the female characteristics or bends, however on the opposite appear assigned sprites indicating their side youngsters as a round of enticement contrasted and 2000s it’s put it that causes you to feel great, without offering a lot of significance to the thoughts of others or patterns; in this way, easygoing garments became style. Then again, the frill in 1970s that stood apart were shades with extremely huge focal points outlines normally yellow, blue or purple, enormous studs and garish pieces of jewelry contrasted with 2000s that it utilized totes, shoes and watches of notable brands (Benaim 98). The image of the 1970s was blossoms and prints; nonetheless, in 2000s was scarves and tissues. Consequently, how patterns stamped distinction between these two decades, the innovation additionally made it. During the 1970s individuals utilized music players as tape, recording device and turn table; conversely in 2000s individuals utilized walkman, discman and mp3 player. The main brand of PDA that was featured during the 1970s was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000 X; despite what might be expected, in 2000s there were a few brands, for example, Motorola with contact innovation and sonic Ericson with the â€Å"Smartphone†. Vehicle types in 1970 was restricted with vehicles, for example, Fiat Coupe 1500, Gordini and Peugeot 404 Gran Prix le keeps an eye on, while in 2000s car innovation was opening field in numerous nations with new arrangements, for example, Fiat Palio, Volkswagen Gol G3 and Citroen Xsara 1. I Sx Full (Hernandez 66). With everything taken into account, the contrasts between these two decades have been critical to the advances of the present; music, patterns and innovation have been advancing and taking new headings, propose a functioning connection between the subject that is the history, the past and the world where we live. On the off chance that the present has power over the past it is on the grounds that lone the present forces an d permits you to change the world. The most effective method to refer to The 1970s versus 2000s, Papers

Facts About Comorbidity

Facts About Comorbidity Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Print The Comorbidity of Two Disorders By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 03, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 21, 2020 Comorbidity means having more than one diagnosis. Getty / DrAfter123 More in Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment and Therapy Coping Work and School In simple terms, comorbidity refers to the presence of more than one disorder in the same person. For example, if a person is diagnosed with both social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), they are said to have comorbid (meaning co-existing) anxiety and depressive disorders.?? Other conditions that are seen to overlap include physical ailments such as diabetes, cardiovascular illness, cancer, infectious diseases, and dementia. Mental disorders that tend to show comorbidity also include eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. History of the Term The term comorbidity was coined in the 1970s by A.R. Feinstein, a renowned American doctor, and epidemiologist. Feinstein demonstrated comorbidity through the example of how people who suffered from rheumatic fever also usually suffered from multiple other diseases.?? Since that time, comorbidity has come to be associated with the presence of multiple mental or physical illnesses in the same person. Prevalence Its not uncommon for people to suffer from two disorders or illnesses at once. Comorbidity in mental illness can include a situation where a person receives a medical diagnosis that is followed by the diagnosis of a mental disorder (or vice versa), or it can involve the diagnosis of a mental disorder that is followed by the diagnosis of another mental disorder.?? A 2009 large cross-sectional national epidemiological study of comorbidity of mental disorders in primary care in Spain published in the Journal of Affective Disorders showed that among a sample of 7936 adult patients, about half had more than one psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey, 51 percent of patients with a diagnosis of major depression also had at least one anxiety disorder and only 26 percent of them had no other mental disorder. However, in the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study, 48.6 percent of patients with a  diagnosis of major depression also had at least one anxiety disorder and 34.8 percent of them had no other mental disorder. Challenges Overlap of medical conditions with psychiatric conditions is a significant challenge for healthcare professionals and creates additional costs for the healthcare system.?? For example, a person diagnosed with both diabetes and depression would be treated for both conditions, but consideration for overlap between medications and symptoms would need to be coordinated by the various health care professionals offering treatment. If you live with multiple conditions or disorders, it is important that your doctor is aware of all medications and over-the-counter drugs you are taking, to ensure the risk of medication interactions is reduced. Prevention Healthcare professionals also play a role in the prevention of comorbidity. For example, if social anxiety disorder is left untreated for a long period of time, a person may also develop depression and/or substance abuse in response to the anxiety symptoms.?? At a broader level, coordination between primary doctors and mental health professionals is key to preventing comorbid conditions. If youve been diagnosed with a physical and/or mental health condition, keep good records of the care that you receive from various professionals, so that each can be aware of the various treatments you are receiving.?? A Word From Verywell If you feel that you have symptoms of more than one mental disorder or those of a physical health condition in addition to a mental disorder, it is important to consult with your primary care physician or mental health professional to determine the best course of action. The unique combination of symptoms that you experience will determine whether medication and/or therapy is best for your situation.

What is Abolitionism

As the enslavement of African-Americans became a preferred aspect of the United States society, people began questioning the morality of bondage. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the abolition movement grew—first through the religious teachings of the Quakers and later, through anti-slavery organizations. Historian Herbert Aptheker argues that there are three major philosophies of the abolitionist movement: moral suasion; moral suasion followed by political action, and finally, resistance through physical action. While abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison were lifelong believers in moral suasion, others such as Frederick Douglass shifted their thinking to include all three philosophies. Moral Suasion Many abolitionists believed in the pacifist approach to ending slavery. Abolitionists such as William Wells Brown and William Lloyd Garrison believed that people would be willing to change their acceptance of slavery if they could see the morality of enslaved people. To that end, abolitionists believing in moral suasion published slave narratives, such as Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and newspapers such as The North Star and The Liberator. Speakers such as Maria Stewart spoke on lecture circuits to groups throughout the North and Europe to throngs of people trying to persuade them to understand the horrors of slavery. Moral Suasion and Political Action Towards the end of the 1830s, many abolitionists were moving away from the philosophy of moral suasion. Throughout the 1840s, local, state and national meetings of the National Negro Conventions centered around the burning question: how can African-Americans use both moral suasion and the political system to bring an end to slavery. At the same time, the Liberty Party was building steam. The Liberty Party was established in 1839 by a group of abolitionists that believed wanted to pursue emancipation of enslaved people via the political process. Although the political party was not popular among voters, the purpose of the Liberty Party was to underscore the importance of ending enslavement in the United States. Although African-Americans were not able to participate in the electoral process, Frederick Douglass was also a firm believer that moral suasion should be followed by political action, arguing the complete abolition of slavery needed to rely on political forces within the Union, and the activities of abolishing slavery, therefore, should be within the Constitution. As a result, Douglass worked first with the Liberty and Free-Soil parties. Later, he turned his efforts to the Republican Party by writing editorials that would persuade its members to think about the emancipation of slavery. Resistance Through Physical Action For some abolitionists, moral suasion and political action were not enough. For those who desired immediate emancipation, resistance through physical action was the most effective form of abolition. Harriet Tubman was one of the greatest examples of resistance through physical action. After securing her own freedom, Tubman traveled throughout southern states an estimated 19 times between 1851 and 1860. For enslaved African-Americans, rebellion was considered for some the only means of emancipation. Men such as Gabriel Prosser and Nat Turner planned insurrections in their attempt to find freedom. While Prossers Rebellion was unsuccessful, it caused southern slaveholders to create new laws to keep African-Americans enslaved. Turners Rebellion, on the other hand, reached some level of success--before being the rebellion ended more than fifty whites were killed in Virginia. White abolitionist John Brown planned the Harpers Ferry Raid in Virginia. Although Brown was not successful and he was hung, his legacy as an abolitionist who would fight for the rights of African-Americans made him revered in African-American communities. Yet historian James Horton argues that although these insurrections were often halted, it instilled great fear in southern slaveholders. According to Horton, the John Brown Raid was a critical moment which signals the inevitability of war, of hostility between these two sections over the institution of slavery.

Persuasive Essay On Prison Segregation - 1490 Words

When it comes to segregation in prisons, there is a great deal of controversy. There are people who argue that this type of segregation (also referred to as solitary confinement) is necessary in certain situations, while others find that it is absolutely unnecessary and should be abolished. Ashley Smith was one such individual that spent most of her sentence in segregation until she took her own life. In the case of Smith, there was a lot more that should have been done to prevent her tragic demise. While initially Smith’s death was simply labelled as preventable, it was later ruled as a homicide. It was ruled that the CSC was responsible for her death because the facility’s officials were aware of her mental health concerns and even then,†¦show more content†¦This is also typically temporary. The third type of segregation is administrative segregation. Administrative segregation occurs when an inmate is either at risk of being harmed/causing harm to themselves or poses a risk to the general inmate population and/or staff (Morris p.2). This type of segregation is the one that is more likely to be long term in comparison to the other two. When in solitary confinement, an inmate remains in a cell that typically differs from regular cells. These types of cells are built to further reduce any sort of contact. For 23 hours of the day an inmate in solitary confinement is to have no contact with the general prison population. They are given 1 hour where they can shower and engage in some recreational activities if they wish (Morris p. 3). First and foremost, Mears puts forward many standards in his article â€Å"Supermax Prisons. Criminology Public Policy†. He uses these standards to determine whether solitary confinement is truly beneficial or not. He looks at cost efficiency, public support, ethical considerations and other options. According to Mears, problems with being able to successfully manage high numbers of prisoners in institutions with only a small number of staff are inevitable. The use of solitary confinement originally came into being due to incidents of violence and/or riots in prisons that sometimes resulted in death (MearsShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X As Told By Alex Haley1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley is the story about a man who greatly impacted American history. Malcolm Little, or Malcolm X as he is more widely known, taught what he believed in regards to segregation, racism, and discrimination. Growing up in a large family with a father Earl Little, a Baptist minister, and his mother Louis Little, who was a homemaker, Malcolm’s life at the time seemed very promising. 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In turn, this knowledge depends upon the philosophical assumption (Figure 1.7) that such neutral access to reality is actually possible in the first place. So, as we noted earlier

Crude Oil Price Volatility Economics Essay Free Essays

string(193) " dazes are preponderantly defined with regard to monetary value fluctuations ensuing from alterations in either the demand or supply side of the international oil market \( Hamilton, 1983 \) \." Energy plays the cardinal function in the universe economic system. In malice of considerable disposition to alternative renewable beginnings of energy like air current, H2O, atomic and solar power, the function of rough oil in macroeconomic motions has non waned yet ( Mehrara A ; Mohaghegh, 2011 ) . Since the find and production of oil Nigeria in 1958, the subsector has continued to play a major and dominant function in the Nigerian economic system. We will write a custom essay sample on Crude Oil Price Volatility Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The extractive sector in the Nigerian economic system is big and extended, with oil playing a critical function. With about 37.2 billion barrels in militias and 2.13 % of planetary production, Nigeria has the universe ‘s 10th largest proven militias ( 3.1 % of planetary militias ) , and is among the top 10 oil manufacturers ( Akinlo, 2012 ) . Nigeria has been a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) since July 1971. Presently, there are 12 member states including Nigeria in this international organisation whose purpose of the organisation, harmonizing to its Statute, is the finding of the best agencies for safeguarding their involvements, separately and jointly ; inventing ways and agencies of guaranting the stabilisation of monetary values in international oil markets with a position to extinguishing harmful and unneeded fluctuations ; giving due respect at all times to the involvements of the bring forthing states and to the necessity of procuring a steady income to the bring forthing states ; an efficient, economic and regular supply of crude oil to devouring states, and a just return on their capital to those puting in the crude oil industry ( OPEC, 2012 ) . Crude Oil is an of import trade good non merely because it is of course happening in the Earth but because of the many fractions that are derived from it after the refinement procedure. Those changing fractions such as fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosine etc. are extracted at different temperatures during the refinement procedure. The demand for rough oil is derived from the demand for its fractions and it depends on a big figure of factors such as its class, sulfur content and its locations. Crude Oil is classified in the international market harmonizing to changing molecular features by giving pricing mentions to the countries where such barrels are produced. Such pricing mentions include the North American West Texas Intermediate, Nigerian Bonny Light, Brent etc. In most oil exporting states, authorities which is well big in comparing with little private sector, straight receives the oil gross. Spending this gross, authorities ‘s behaviour becomes the most of import feature of the economic system. In other words, the financess needed for authorities ‘s outgo come from oil gross. So, financial and pecuniary policies depend upon oil monetary value ( Rosser A ; Sheehan, 1995 ) . Oil monetary value is extremely variable ; even more than any other trade good ( Dehn, 2001 ) . Crude oil monetary values have increased on norm from US $ 25 per barrel in 2002 to US $ 55 per barrel in 2005. There has been a steep upward tendency in the monetary value of rough oil in recent old ages, making a record nominal high of US $ 147 in mid-2008 and a crisp bead to US $ 46 a barrel ( Akpan, 2009 ) . The transmittal mechanisms through which oil monetary values have impact on existent economic activity include both supply and demand channels. The supply side effects are related to the fact that rough oil is a basic input to production, and accordingly an addition in oil monetary value leads to a rise in production costs that induces houses to take down end product. Oil monetary value alterations besides entail demand-side effects on ingestion and investing. Consumption is affected indirectly through its positive relation with disposable income. Oil monetary value rises cut down the consumers passing power. Investing may besides be affected if the oil monetary value daze encourages manufacturers to replace less energy intensive capital for more energy-intensive capital. The magnitude of this consequence is in bend stronger the more the daze is perceived to be durable. For this ground, the theoretical literature has been of a general equilibrium nature, with different writers delega ting different weights to the supply and demand channels ( Olomola A ; Adejumo, 2006 ) . When oil monetary value depreciates, big public sector expectedly can non cut down its disbursement instantly and proportionally ; so faces immense shortages. The financial instabilities followed by an oil monetary value lessening can be lay waste toing if the state is extremely dependent on oil grosss ; which is the instance in most oil exporting states. More disappointingly such falls are normally unpredictable. Several uncomplete undertakings and immense debts are the chief heritages of this period for the undermentioned fruitful epoch. After some rough experiences, presents, insulating the existent sectors of economic system from oil monetary value volatility is accepted as one of the most of import functions of authorities ( Mehrara A ; Mohaghegh, 2011 ) . Presently, one-year budgets are formulated in Nigeria based on oil monetary values. The 2009 budget was revised in line with the predominating market monetary value of oil declarative mood of immense dependance of Nigeria on oil returns. In 2012, there was an intense argument refering the benchmark monetary value of Crude Oil that would be the footing of gross and outgo computations in the passing of the 2013 Appropriation Act ( budget ) through the Nigerian National Assembly. Huge influx of oil grosss in Nigeria are more frequently associated with enlargement in the degree of Government passing while periods of dwindling oil grosss are normally accompanied by budget shortages. There is no addition stating that Nigeria relies so much on gross from oil exports, but, it every bit massively imports refined crude oil and other related merchandises. Evidence, for case, shows that Government disbursement, which hitherto, before 1999 remained good below N0.5 trillion, hit N1.02 trillion grade in 2001 and N1.5 trillion in 2004. The figures for 2006 and 2007 stood at N2.04 and N2.45 trillion severally ( Aliyu, 2009 ) . Oil monetary value dazes are preponderantly defined with regard to monetary value fluctuations ensuing from alterations in either the demand or supply side of the international oil market ( Hamilton, 1983 ) . You read "Crude Oil Price Volatility Economics Essay" in category "Essay examples" These alterations have been traditionally traced to provide side breaks such as OPEC supply quotas, political turbulences in the oil-rich Middle East and activities of hawkish groups in the Niger Delta part of Nigeria. The dazes could be positive ( a rise ) or negative ( a autumn ) . Two issues are identified sing the dazes ; foremost is the magnitude of the monetary value addition which can be quantified in absolute footings or as per centum alterations, second is the timing of the daze, that is, the velocity and continuity of the monetary value addition ( Akpan, 2009 ) . Traveling by the foregoing, four oil dazes can be observed in Nigeria. Each of the dazes had connexions with some motions in cardinal macroeconomic variables in Nigeria. For case, the 1973-74, 1979-80, and 2003-2006 periods were associated with monetary value additions while the oil market prostration of 1986 is an episode of monetary value lessening. During the first oil daze in Nigeria ( 1973-74 ) , the value of Nigeria ‘s export measured in US dollars rose by about 600 per cent with the footings of trade lifting from 18.9 in 1974 to 65.3 by 1982. Government gross which stood at 8 per cent of GDP in 1972 rose to about 20 per cent in 1975. This resulted in increased authorities outgo owing mostly from the demand to monetise the rough oil grosss. Investing was mostly in favor of instruction, public wellness, conveyance, and import replacing industries ( Nnnanna A ; Masha, 2003 ) . During the oil monetary value daze of 2003-2006, Nigeria recorded addition in the portion of oil in GDP from approximately 80 per cent in 2003 to 82.6 per cent in 2005. The daze was gradual and persisted for a piece. This could be regarded as a lasting daze. The consequence of the daze was a favorable investing clime, increased national income within the period although a little diminution was observed in the growing rate of the GDP. Despite this sensed benefit of oil monetary value alteration, the macroeconomic environment in Nigeria during the roars was unwanted. For case, rising prices was largely dual figure in the 1970s ; money supply grew steeply, while immense financial shortages were besides recorded ( Akpan, 2009 ) . The growing way of the state has been really unsmooth over the old ages. During the oil roar epoch, approximately 1970-78, GDP grew positively by 6.2 per centum yearly – a singular growing. However, in the 1980s, GDP had negative growing rates. In the period 1988-1997 which constitutes the period of Structural Adjustment Programme ( SAP ) , which entails economic liberalisation, the GDP responded to economic accommodation policies and grew at a positive rate of 4.0 per centum. Agriculture, industry and fabrication, oil and gas sectors had greater laterality in the composing of the Nigeria ‘s GDP. The twelvemonth 1989 – 1998 was the most disruptive period in the history of the state ‘s growing form. Real GDP grew merely by an norm of 3.6 per centum, against the population growing rate of 2.8 % during the same period. Inflation, poorness, exchange rate were all at dismaying rates. Foreign direct investing, which is a necessary engine of growing, was stifled be cause of unsupportive enabling environment. Between 1999 and 2008, the state ‘s growing public presentation improved significantly. GDP growing rate averaged 7.8 % during the decennary entirely due to the growing of non-oil sector which grew by 9.5 per centum. In this respect, nevertheless, oil sector constitutes both a retarding force on growing and a beginning of instability in GDP growing form ( Aliyu, 2009 ) . Ongoing financial and pecuniary reforms aim to cut down the degree of rough oil dependence but at the minute, uncertainnesss about the degree of rough oil monetary values has cost the economic system a batch of investing chances over the old ages. In order for Nigeria to achieve balanced, uninterrupted and sustainable economic growing, the consequence of volatility in oil monetary values must be given equal attending. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM In Nigeria, the rate of petroleum oil dependence is high. It accounted for about 82.1 % of entire authorities gross during the oil roar in 1974 before cut downing to a portion of 64.3 % by which was a effect of the rapid diminution in universe market monetary value of rough oil. The portion of oil gross in entire authorities gross still remains significant as evidenced by the attainment of 85.6 % and 86.1 % in 2004 and 2005 severally ( Akpan,2009 ) . This has generated a batch of involvement particularly amongst stakeholders in the Nigerian economic system. Of recent, is the argument in the Nigerian National Assembly about the appropriate petroleum oil monetary value benchmark to be included in the 2013 Appropriation Act which has generated a batch of contention. From a planning position, fluctuations in the petroleum oil monetary value have been the beginning of a batch of incomplete authorities undertakings due to the alterations in the gross watercourse and the dependability of cost estimations. The transmittal mechanisms through which rough oil monetary values impact on existent economic activity and analysing the dynamic interrelatedness among the selected macroeconomic variables is of great importance. Variations in rough oil monetary values hinders effectual economic planning and development most particularly for rough oil dependent economic systems like Nigeria. The impact of these fluctuations in footings of magnitude, continuance and way is of great importance if the Nigerian economic system must come on. The following are inquiries refering to the impact of rough oil monetary value volatility in Nigeria: – How significantly can Crude Oil Price fluctuations hinder sustainable economic growing in Nigeria? What magnitude of the alterations in macroeconomic variables is associated with fluctuations in rough oil monetary value? 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The wide aim of this survey is to analyse the consequence of petroleum oil monetary value volatility on economic activity in Nigeria. The specific aims include: a. To analyse the consequence of oil monetary value volatility on the growing rate of existent GDP, Inflation rate, Money supply and other financial and pecuniary variables. B. To find whether there is a long tally relationship between oil monetary value volatility and existent GDP growing in Nigeria. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The inquiries that guide the research are as follows: a. Is there a important relationship between Oil monetary value dazes and economic system activity in Nigeria? B. What is the magnitude of the relationship ( if any ) between Oil monetary value dazes and macroeconomic variables in Nigeria? 1.5 HYPOTHESES OF STUDY The followers are the research hypotheses to be tested during the survey: Holmium: Crude Oil Price has no important consequence on economic activity in Nigeria. H1: Crude Oil Price has a important consequence on economic activity in Nigeria. 1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This survey on the consequence of volatile economic activity may be relevant to all states in the universe but the overall considerations, analysis and deductions are within the model of the Nigerian economic system. This survey covers the periods from 1975 to 2011. However, restrictions due to unavailability and undependability of informations could originate in the class of the survey and this should non be overlooked. 1.7 DEFINITION OF UNFAMILIAR TERMS The undermentioned footings used during the survey are explained below: a. Volatile: Care to change frequently or widely B. Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) : An organisation of states formed in 1961 to hold on a common policy for the production and sale of crude oil. Its members include Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. 1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This survey is of import to demo the extent to which the Nigerian economic system is affected by rough oil by analyzing macroeconomic variables. It is necessary to understand the way, continuance and magnitude of the relationship. 1.9 METHODOLOGY The variables to be considered include: a. Oil Price Variance B. Real Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate c. Inflation Rate d. Index of Industrial Production e. Money Supply f. Government Outgo The clip period under consideration is 1975-2011. The Ordinary Least Square Method is used because it is the best linear indifferent calculator. Garch ( 1,1 ) theoretical account is used to mensurate rough oil monetary value volatility and the conditional discrepancy series generates the volatility informations. Johansen Co-Integration technique based on vector autoregressive theoretical account determines the long tally relationship between oil monetary value fluctuations and GDP growing. Vector Error Correction Model ( VECM ) specifies convergence or divergency among the variables in the theoretical account. Trials for Stationarity ( being of unit roots ) such as the augmented dickey-fuller and Phillip Perron Tests will be employed. Variance decomposition, impulse response map, farmer causality trial examines consequence of Oil Price volatility on other variables. 1.10 DATA Beginnings Secondary informations beginnings from Central Bank Statistical Database, Central Bank Statistical Bulletin, OPEC Statistical Bulletin British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy. 1.11 OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS How to cite Crude Oil Price Volatility Economics Essay, Essay examples

Major trade theories

A trade theory is an assumption related to how businesses strategies get in place to achieve an organization’s goals and missions. These assumptions give the key ways of achieving realistic business goals in any business environment. Trade theories aim at overcoming trade barriers both locally and internationally.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major trade theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every business environment has utilizes one or a combination of the trade theories t come up with a route map to success. There are many trade theories inexistence in the business world. These are; Heckscher-Ohlin factor endowment, Absolute advantage and the comparative advantage trade theory. All these theories get applies in various favorable or appropriate business areas that seem suitable for their successful operation (Peng, 2010). To begin with, we take consideration of one the theories in detail, the abso lute advantage cost theory. Adam smith put absolute cost advantage theory forward where he argued that countries could gain from trading when they put a strategy that would help them specialize in they have production advantages. According to the absolute cost advantage theory, when one country can mobilize its resources and concentrate on producing goods and services that it is best at or where the cost of production is favorable to he country. Smith argues that nations cannot become financially able when they follow the olden day mercantilist prescriptions. This comes because of one nation having more raw materials of one commodity that are available locally. When this nation mobilizes its production resources and majors in the production of the product. It is evident that the cost of producing this commodity will be much lower than that of a country that import the raw materials required to produce this products and services associated with it. In this way there will be countries importing goods and services from others who will be their exporters. The exporting country is sufficiently able to sustain its needs for the products and the remaining surplus of the product gets sold to other countries as an export product. This creates markets for the countries in trade negotiations and it expands the trade zones or regions for the sale of their products and services. According to this theory, all nations would have simultaneous trade gains as they allow and practice free trade for the betterment of all the nations involved in the trading. Through this practice, nations become interdependent in terms of production as one nation would totally rely on another nation for the supply one or several products (Salvatore, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What cultural, physical, economical, financial, and political impediments might prevent the successful application of your selected trade theory? To begin with, we look at the political barriers that may inhibit the success of applying the absolute cost advantage theory. Politics of any nation determines principles and rules that govern a particular country. The political; influences may result into economic growth or inhibit the economic growth through imposing of laws and rules that may result into negative business operations. Furthermore, tariffs and taxes that a country may impose on any products and services determine its final value or prices. The same impositions may increase cost of producing a certain commodity within a country and this will reflect on the end price of the commodity. Bad political, relationships between two nations may force one nation to inhibit imports from the other country simply by imposing high tariffs and taxes on the products from the other country. This will influence or discourage importers of that commodity, as its final price will be so much hig h than normal this will force potential buyers not to concentrate on buying the product from the market. This situation results in one country whose production process is under the influence of political barrier to suffer losses as its products may lack a good market for its products (Kelly McGowen, 2010). Secondly, a country may have cheap available raw materials to produce a certain product very well but financial aspects may inhibit it from taking this absolute advantage and gain business wise by having control over the export of this product. Many developing countries especially African countries suffer this blow as they readily have raw materials but lack the financial power to concentrate resources necessary for the production of the goods and services basing on the availability of this raw material at their disposal. This causes the same countries to import the same product made from the raw materials they have by countries that have a high economic power. This comes at cost as the products prices are usually higher and this drains away a country’s foreign exchange (Appleyard, Field Cobb, 2006). On the other hand, other factors or barriers inhibit the successful application of this theory include; cultural practices; economic factors and the physical factors. Economic or financial strength determines the terms of trade between the two countries applying the absolute cost advantage theory. This economic strength gives the nations in trade freedom and power to exercise importing of products that it needs from another country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major trade theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When a country lacks the economic power enough to help it produce goods that will balance trade between the two nations then the terms of trade may affect one side leading to failure of applying the theory. Some countries may be used to or not used to consuming certain products, for instance, Muslims do not eat and its associated products. Trading with having majority of its citizen practicing the Muslim faith will highly inhibit the applicatio9n of the theory to the advantage of both countries. Finally, physical barrier may hinder transportation that is important for establishing trade between two or more nations. One nation may successfully produce goods and services that another country needs them so much but physical infrastructure may be the key inhibiting factor for the trade to occur a successfully (Kelly McGowen, 2010). References Appleyard, D., Field, A., Cobb, S. (2006). International economics. 5 edn. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Kelly, M. McGowen, J. (2010). Busn. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Peng, W. M.(2010). Global business. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Salvatore, D. (2005). Introduction to international economics. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley Sons Inc. This essay on Major trade theories was written and submitted by user Brett Gallegos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narrative Structure

The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narrative Structure Introduction Film like all other forms of art employs the usage of different elements of narrative to tell a particular story. No two film plots are exactly the same and each director has his/her own way of ensuring that each piece of work he/she is involved in has unique features that link the final product to him/her. This essay seeks to analyze the narrative structure of the film Transporter 3. To this end, a summary of the film story shall be provided and then a well detailed analysis of the structure will follow citing adequate examples of from the film.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narrative Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary of the plot In order to understand the narrative structure of a given film, it is of paramount importance that a clear understanding of the plot be made. In summary, Transporter 3 film is the third installment of the Transporter series in w hich the services of the lead character Frank Martin are enlisted to transport certain items/people from one corner of the world to another. For this last part of the sequel, Frank is kidnapped by an assassin named Johnson and required to transport a certain young girl, Valentina from Marseille to Budapest. He is also to deliver a certain package at the said location and he is made to believe that the package is the primary item he is to deliver. Frank and Valenina are handed bracelets laden with explosives and they are set to go off should they veer off from the car. In a slightly different development some Russian agents have been sent to kill Frank before he can complete his mission. Since Johnson and his men are constantly tracking Frank via GPS, it becomes impossible for the latter to change the course of the journey. Against all odds, though, Frank manages to overcome the challenges that come his way and manages to deliver the girl in Budapest but not before having a romantic session with her. Narrative structure The action film Transporter 3 follows the three act narrative structure. This basically means that it has a setup that introduces the viewer to a given element of conflict before a resolution is arrived at. In this particular film, Frank is forced to transport a certain package alongside a young girl (Valentina) who happens to be the daughter of head of the Environmental Protection Agency for Ukraine, Leonid Vasilev. This is the setup part of the narrative where we are introduced to the element of contention that will result in conflict much later in the film. As the scenes unfold, it becomes clear that Frank had been tricked and that Valentina is the actual â€Å"package† that he is supposed to deliver. Part of the setup aspect is the revelation that Frank and Valentina have been tagged with distance triggered explosives which prevent either of the two from going more than 75 meters from the car. This helps the view understand why the tw o have to contend with each other even though there is initial tension between them.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict aspect of the narrative comes in when Frank has to constantly battle the individuals who hired him to deliver the â€Å"package† and officials from the Russian government who are out to intercept him. The non-cooperation from his passenger Valentina is also a challenge that Frank has to contend with. We see Frank getting annoyed with the girl when she intoxicates herself with drugs and alcohol. This is just one of the numerous times that we see some form of conflict arise between the two travelers. The resolution gradually kicks in when Frank and Valentina develop affection for each other owing to the fact that they have been forced to stay together for an extended period of time. After outwitting all the assailants that are after him by pulling such physically impossible stunts as outrunning a speeding car and safely crashing over two bridges, he arrives at Budapest with the girl in one piece. This brings the film to a settled conclusion whereby the viewers are not able to clearly understand why some characters in the film had to carry themselves in particular ways. The film appears to conform to the model of the classical Hollywood cinema where it has two distinct lines of narrative development, with one element leading us to follow Frank and his passenger as they drive across the black sea while avoiding and dodging the Russian. The other line follows the romantic relationship between the two lead actors (Frank and Valentina) and this develops in its own tempo but parallel to the main goal of the story (Pramagiorre and Wallis 2005, 41). The characters in the narrative generally fall in at least one of the seven spheres of action that have been fronted by the scholar Vladimir Propp (Thury and Devinney 520-521). These seven categories are hero, villain, helper, donor, princess, dispatcher and false hero (Thury and Devinney 520-521). Frank is the accepted hero of the film owing to the fact that he manages to take down his enemies and safely deliver Valentina to her parents. The individuals who forced him on the mission are the dispatchers and they are also very instrumental in the development of the plot since without them the narrative would not have kicked off. Valentina is the princess and she doesn’t do much in the story but wait for the hero to save and protect her from all the individuals that are out to harm her. The Russian agents are the villains and their main role in the film is to basically disrupt the sequence of events by constantly diverting the direction that the story is taking. Like in most Hollywood creations, the villains generally end up losing by the time the film ends.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narr ative Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The narrative of the film is generally omniscient in the sense that the viewer is able to see all the developments as they unfold (Chatman 1980, 212). The viewer is able to track the movement of the lead character, Frank, and at the same time follow the deliberations of the assailants as they craft ways to get to capture and kill him. This supreme overseer element sustains throughout the film as the narration smoothly transitions to connect the chaser and the chase in some form of explosive conflict. The action in the story is motivated by the fact that like with any other well developed film, there are good and bad guys. The good guy (in this case Frank Martin) is going on with his regular life until things change and he finds himself under the manipulation of the bad guys (Johnson and the Russians). He has to find a way of getting rid of the bad guys hanging over his shoulder once and for al l while at the same time protect all the innocent individuals that he comes in contact with (Valentina). The bad guys on the other hand have their own goals and they take all the necessary steps to ensure that they achieve what they have set to. Their efforts are however not fruitful as the story ends with the good guy having won the challenge and well on his way to his former quiet life. The end of the story however leaves the viewer in a lot of suspense as it is not easy to predict which way the lives of the surviving characters in the story will take. Since the film is but a work of art, there is a general story and a plot to help develop the same story (Aumont 1992, 91). The story is basically an outlining of the challenges that the transporter has to go through in fulfilling his objective of moving a package from Marseille to Budapest. The plot is kicks in with the gradual revelation of what the package is through the various conflicts that happen in the story. The plot and the story are however intertwined in such a way that the viewer cannot distinctly tell them apart. The story ends with the package having been delivered and the plot also reaches a genuine finality with the viewer realizing that the package was the girl, Valentina. In general, all the characters from the story have goals and this is the main reason why they act in the ways they do. Frank, the lead character intends to deliver the package in Budapest and get on with his life while his passenger, Valentina, hopes to get out of the mess that she has found herself in safely. The goal of the Russian agents is to intercept Frank before he gets to his destination and that of the individuals who set him on the mission is to ensure that he delivers the package as instructed. The pursuit of the different goals help drive the story and the regular crossing of the paths of all the characters helps bring out the intended cinematic and dramatic effect. Like with most other films, the story could eas ily have been told with the omission of a number of scenes but in order to give the film some mileage, the creators introduce an element of romance to act as some form of comic relief.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development of romantic relations between Frank and Valentina has been put in the film ostensibly to give that part of the film a different slow-down to counter the rapid pace that the rest of the film has been hitherto taking. This, of course, also results in the final product getting a few extra minutes on the running time to reduce the element of the audience feeling â€Å"cheated†. In the maintenance of continuity, the editors of the film have to a large extent employed the technique of cross-cutting whereby the viewer is moved from one scene to another spatially unrelated scene in a series of shots (Dancyger 2007, 451). This method puts the viewer is in a position to understand that the scenes in question are separate but the happenings are parallel and related to each other. The match-on-action technique of continuity editing has also been used particularly in scenes that are heavy with action sequences. This is a technique that basically requires that a shot picks up immediately where the preceding shot had left (Bordwell 1985, 293). For instance, in the scenes where Frank crashes off bridges, the progression of shots used emphasizes the distance that the car jumps and the general effect of the impact. This technique has also been utilized in the shooting and fight scenes in order to weave the unfolding of evens as one piece of the story. Conclusion Each film is an independent work of art and it will tend to have unique structure particularly in terms of the narrative element and this will primarily depend on the choices made by the creator. This essay has analyzed the narrative structure of the film Transporter 3 by providing an assessment of the general narrative, a review of the shot techniques and has also studied elements of characters and characterization that are applicable for this film. Various forms of literature have been used to provide the background for assessment of the movie particularly in explaining the theories behind film narrative structure. Reference List Aumont, Jacques. 1992. Aesthetics of film. Texas: Texas University Press. Bordwell, David. 1985. Narration in the fiction film. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Chatman, Seymour. 1980. Story and discourse: narrative structure in fiction and film.  New York: Cornell University Press. Dancyger, Ken. 2007. The technique of film and video editing: history, theory, and  practice. Massachusetts: Focal Press. Pramagiorre, Maria and Tom Wallis. 2005. Film: a critical introduction. London: Laurence King Publishers. Thury, Eva and Margaret Devinney. 2005. Introduction to mythology: contemporary  approaches to classical and world myths. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

How To Live in a Frank Lloyd Wright Design

How To Live in a Frank Lloyd Wright Design American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) is alive and well. Believing that philosophy is more important than design, Wrights aesthetic - harmony, nature, organic architecture - is recognizable in the patterns of his design. Do not try to teach design, he wrote at Taliesin. Teach principles. The real Frank Lloyd Wright blueprints are his unwavering ideals. Do the comfortable, Prairie style houses make your heart skip a beat? Have you always dreamed of owning a Frank Lloyd Wright masterpiece like Fallingwater? Okay, maybe not so much water. But how about a Wright Usonian home, like the Zimmerman House in New Hampshire? Brick and wood and a wall of windows bring nature into your living space, blurring the lines between outside and inside. Frank Lloyd Wright (FLW) built hundreds of private homes, and every year a few change ownership. In 2013, The Wall Street Journal reported that about 20 homes were on the market from the approximately 270 privately owned FLW residences. Many of the homes by Mr. Wright pose challenges, reports the WSJ. Small kitchens, no basements, narrow doorways, built-in furniture, and leaks are just a few of the difficulties for the modern homeowner. When you buy a Wright, youre buying a piece of history important to many people - some might say to too many people. Wright fans will always be lurking around your house if you buy an original. Many of Wrights homes are in the Wisconsin / Illinois area, and every year thats where most of the turnover is. Wright architecture outside of this area is more rare and may tend to be on the market for longer periods of time. The Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy keeps track of Wright houses currently for sale  - Wright on the Market. If theres nothing by Wright in your city, consider hiring an architect to custom design a new home in the spirit of the master. Without a doubt, the premier firm for Wright-inspired creations used to be Taliesin Associated Architect (TA). From Wrights death in 1959 until the group reorganized in 2003, TA continued the architectural practice established by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1893. The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture maintains two design studios, one at Taliesin West in Arizona and another at Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin. An architect who has trained or apprenticed at either Taliesin may better understand the spirit of Wrights architecture. The Taliesin Fellows stay connected but practice privately after graduation. The first thing you may want to do, though, is take a tour at either Taliesin. Architects dont need to train at Taliesin to design like Wright, but these former Taliesin Fellows present a delightful array of their own designs: Michael Rust; Richard A. Keding; Aaron G. Green; William Arthur Patrick, founder of Midglen Studio; Barry Peterson at Studio 300A Architecture; Jeremiah (Jaimie) Kimber at j kimber design; Floyd Hamblen; and Anthony Puttnam, Architect, LLC. For more about modern-day architecture inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright, check out the books A Living Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright and Taliesin Architects by John Rattenbury (2000) and John H. Howe, Architect: From Taliesin Apprentice to Master of Organic Design by Jane King Hession (2015). Private homeowners generally cant use original Frank Lloyd Wright blueprints. The folks at Florida Southern College, however, already had Usonian house plans Wright had designed for the campus in 1939. Construction of the house was finished in 2013 and you can tour it and the entire Lakeland, Florida campus. Taliesin architects can be pricey, no doubt. If youre building on a budget, consider purchasing construction-ready building plans for a Prairie style house. While not duplicates of Wrights work, many of these stock plans resemble the rambling homes that Frank Lloyd Wright designed - and they can be modified by your local architect. A number of companies offer plans for Wright-inspired houses. Remember that Wright first experimented with the Prairie design way back in 1893 - before 1900 Wright had developed the modern design loved today, but variations were made in Wrights own lifetime. The Prairie house style is just that - a style that inspired many adaptations . Even if your new home is not a Wright original, it can incorporate his most popular details. Evoke the spirit of the master through furniture, glassware, textiles, lighting, and wallpapers. Frank Lloyd Wright is well-known for his built-in furniture and bookcases, but his reproduction housewares can be found everywhere. Especially popular are Wright-type hanging lights. After author T.C. Boyle bought a Frank Lloyd Wright house in Montecito, California, he was inspired to write one of the most popular books about Wright, a fictionalized account of Wrights love affairs called The Women. Maybe you could be the next T.C. Boyle. Sources Seeking the Wright Path at Taliesin West by Logan Ward, Architect Magazine, December 9, 2014The Pleasures and Pitfalls of Frank Lloyd Wright Homes by Joann S. Lublin, The Wall Street Journal, May 16, 2013 at http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323372504578469410621274292Taliesin ARchitects Reorganized by Jim Goulka, Taliesin Fellows Newsletter, Number 12, July 15, 2003 at http://re4a.com/wp-content/uploads/taliesinfellows_Jul03.pdf [accessed November 21, 2013]Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 214 SUMMARY Start packing. You can live in a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright - or one that looks like it might have been. Heres how: Buy an Original Wright-Designed HouseBuild a Wright-Like House Designed by a Taliesin FellowUse Mail Order Stock House PlansAdd Wright Details to Your Home

How is the analysis of a drama's plot, character, and theme different Assignment

How is the analysis of a drama's plot, character, and theme different from that of a novel, or a short story - Assignment Example Differentiating the analysis of the aforementioned literary works probably would lie on the approach of an individual to how one understands the story. In a novel or short story, the events are told in a conversational way so that the incidents are almost completely interpreted as to how he would have wanted it to be. In addition, descriptions of events and characters as well as their feelings make the analysis of a novel or short story easier. In drama however, since the unfolding of the story is seen in the conversations of the characters and lacks the author’s explanation of their feelings, the interpretation relies more on the analysis of the conversations and the very words used. Also, as drama is made to be seen and heard like movies or plays, its analysis also involves the facial expressions, volume and tone of voices of the characters.

Vanishing (Disappearing) Middle Class in U.S.A Essay

Vanishing (Disappearing) Middle Class in U.S.A - Essay Example According to the research, the shift is being attributed to a fall in wages and job market that is slowly weakening. In a new report that was published by Autor (2010), the work force in the U.S.A is rapidly splitting into two main categories, the high paying jobs and the corresponding low paying jobs. In this regard, it can be noticed that demographics about the middle income earners is missing. The effect of the disappearing middle class is taking a toll on America’s young men who are turning out to be potential employees. This situation simply means that irrespective of the field which they would want to join, they have to increase their educational levels to secure employment chances. Having high school qualification alone may not be enough to warrant a good job unlike in the past. Despite of the many disadvantages that have been associated with this trend, there is a group of people who seem to have benefited. Advanced degree holders have been having gains in the job opportunities available. This is just for the fact that job opportunities have remained a preserve of the highly educated or the low class. For this reason, the few that have gained employment in this season have benefitted from the better remunerations associated with the jobs (Wessel, 2011). One of the key culprits for this alarming development is technology. It has been witnessed that knowledge and skills exhibited by the middle class group are fast becoming irrelevant or obsolete with respect to industry needs. The introduction of computer and robot technology has meant that clerical works in companies and assembly line productions can be done by few people who have the required knowledge to run the machines (Price, 2010). Introduction of computer technology has led to a sharp reduction in the amount of human capital in companies. The jobs that have been left available are only those requiring low education, something that has led to an increase in the low

Global Problems :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global Problems and Non-Governmental Organizations Paper Women’s Issues The topic that I chose for this paper is women’s issues. Throughout history women have been struggling for equality and recognition. Today we have just about reached our goal. In order to maintain this equality, organizations were created to keep women and men involved in the issues that pertain to women today. In my essay I will discuss the actions of two large non-governmental organizations that deal with women’s issues. I will also add my opinion on certain issues and discuss how they are important in today’s society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first organization that I chose to research is called Face To Face. â€Å"The mission of Face To Face is to give voice to the millions of women who were denied basic human rights and freedoms.† The goal of Face To Face is to increase global awareness that women’s rights are infact human rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the issues that Face To Face deals with are HIV/AIDS awareness, family planning, female genital mutilation (FGM), maternal health, and population. The organization gives people the opportunity to voice their problems and learn about the rights that are available to them. They are also given suggestions on how to take care of their problem or if the case, where to take care of their problems. For example, in Africa, millions of women a year undergo female genital mutilation against their will because of custom and tradition. The African government doesn’t even take a stand on FGM, but â€Å"Face To Face lets women know that the women in Africa do have the right to personal security including freedom from domestic and war violence and sexual coercion.† I feel that this is an extremely important aspect of the organization. Since To Face is an international organization, they have the power to reach all different types of women with all different types of issues and are able to assist them to understand the details of their situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Face To Face calls on celebrities to represent them so that women will recognize that even celebrities can relate to their issues. This is a good idea because many women, especially adolescents look up to some celebrities as role models. It helps the organization to become widely known and gives it the ability to inform more people on the issues currently affecting women all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Face To Face takes action by creating programs such as advertising campaigns, exhibitions, television documentaries and ballets.

Comic books Essay

Comic books established themselves as an independent media in which story abides its own rules; progression of story follows by specific use of frames sequences and their composition. Judging by the structure of comic books and graphic novels we can see many similarities with other medias, like movies adaptations of comic books and just movie itself. However, we cannot deny distinctive differences of these two medias. Films have their own perception and flow of time and so do graphic novels. Both make an impact by using their own way of storytelling. But what media is better for telling stories when it comes to movie adaptations of comic books? For me idea to bring comic book story to big screen has its drawbacks and benefits. Beside obvious part of movie – sound, some movies benefit from original visual style of their source material, movies like Sin City, 300 and Dick Tracy, which makes them striking due to the film’s â€Å"moving image† feature. Or other way around, for example, when film director like Tim Burton applied his own visual style while producing Batman, which was supported by bizarre and eccentric characters like Joker and The Penguin and by Gotham itself. Same with Guillermo Del Toro and his adaptation of Hellboy. But my position is that comic book movies are not that sophisticated in comparis on with their original material, but only if consider that original material were stand alone graphic novels like â€Å"Watchmen†, â€Å"V is for Vendetta†, â€Å"Sin City† e.t.c. But at the same time, films based on mainstream pledge of comics industry like â€Å"X-men†, â€Å"Spider-man†, â€Å"Batman† and so on, in some cases, don’t really fall that far behind from their comic book versions. To show that we can examine several movies that were filmed based upon graphic novels and break them down by categories of what make comics to be â€Å"comics† and then compare. â€Å"Comics†¦juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response i the viewer† (Scott McCloud, â€Å"Understanding of comics†) Starting from obvious – comic books are collections of static images, therefore the way how reader perceives information depends on the way how comic book artist manipulate these visuals. In Scott McCloud’s book â€Å"Understanding of Comics† author tells us about how comic books use our understanding of events by executing specific transition of â€Å"frames† like scene to scene, action to action or aspect to aspect. We cannot also overlook â€Å"the graphic style† of a certain comic book, which also plays a major role in storytelling. In addition, â€Å"composition† of these two particularly taken elements is what holds all imagery together to create a specific narrative, on each page separately and jointly. Sin City is a very visual example, both on comic pages and on screen. Creators of this movie, including author of original Sin City (Frank Miller), captured the strongest feature of comic book – black and white imagery with some coloured elements, grotesque characters and, in some parts, shots were borrowed from comic book panels. â€Å"Some of the stills from the film look so much like frames of the comic book as to make no difference. And there’s a narration that plays like the captions at the top of the frame, setting the stage and expressing a stark existent ial world view.† (Roger Ebert) One of examples of it is scene where Marv kills priest in confessional booth, it was transferred frame by frame from comic book page. This scene, in my opinion, is the closest in representing comic book way of narrative in movie. Because sequence of original frames are â€Å"action to action† has almost similar pacing with movie, despite difference in executing them, when in comic book it is shown on one page and in movie it is a movement of frames. Sin City is a good example of a very well transferred material from one media to another, but mostly because material is much more stylised than, for example, Watchmen where style is used more as a supporting tool: â€Å"The actors are mined for the archetypes they contain; characters are rotated into a hyperdimension. We get not so much their presence as their essence; the movie is not about what the characters say or what they do, but about who they are in our wildest dreams.† (Roger Ebert) Visually movie does not inferior to original work, even though comic images look much bolder and it supports character’s design and make scenes look much more organic, when in movie you still see that actors are just actors and that is where audience has to use their suspension of disbelief: â€Å"a willingness to suspend one’s critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of enjoyment† (Samuel Taylor Coleridge) But we cannot say that Sin City is completely original work, it obviously borrows a lot of elements from older comic books, such as â€Å"The Spirit† or â€Å"Dick Tracy† and from films of 30-40’s. Element such â€Å"crawling shadows† was used intensively in many frames and added a lot to every scene were characters casted shadows on their surroundings. This shows that comics are not that different from movies, in terms of what they are showing to viewer, but form of comics media is what makes it unique and substantive: â€Å"each successive frame of a movie is projected on exactly the same space – the – screen – while each frame of comics must occupy a different space†¦space does for comics what time does for film!† (Scott McCloud) That being said, from example of Sin City we can say that graphical features are not that hard to reproduce in movie where stylisation is a major feature, same with frames. However, composition of the whole page works completely differently from films and that is where adaptations fail at reproducing comic books’ form. Another example of graphic novel adaptation is Watchmen created by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. When Sin City is much more stylised story, Watchmen is much more about context and themes. As graphic novel it uses every opportunity that is given to it as comics media. One of the most interesting is composition of frames throughout the novel, Movie adaptation of Watchmen does not show given themes in the same way like original version does, simply because it doesn’t have this ability like â€Å"page composition†, and even if tried to use it might have ruined the form of film media. As an example, running theme of Rorschach’s mask, which changes its pattern constantly. Dave Gibbons and Alan Moore created layouts that are symmetrical and in the middle of the book you can find this symmetry as well, and not just randomly placed, but used in the scene where Rorschach is being interviewd by psychiatrist with Rorschach test. In movie, though, we could not see this additional narrative, despite film director’s (Zack Snyder) attempts to recreate other visuals of Rorschach’s theme, like some silhouettes of symmetrical images, mostly in scenes where characters die. Speaking of Rorschach’s mask in terms of representation in both versions: in comic book mask was changing, but due to media of comics, we could only see specific patterns, which were deliberately drawn as something straightforward to emphasise what character was going through, or just like vague patterns as audiences’ personal test, especially when Rorschach was facing towards reader in close ups. This ingenious way of creators to establish once again comic book’s media and their understanding of it proves that comic books form will always take advantages to use its’ own limitations for creating something very unique for its media. In movie version constant moving of pattern doesn’t let concentrate on it long enough before it replaces by another pattern. Although there is one pattern that can tell what is Rorschach’s mood is at that moment – scene Rorschach’s ambush by police forces. His mask creates crosses on his eyes which is effective but less original than ideas from comic book.

Biography of William Walker, Yankee Imperialist

William Walker (May 8, 1824–September 12, 1860) was an American adventurer and soldier who served as president of Nicaragua from 1856 to 1857. He tried to gain control over most of Central America  but failed and was executed by firing squad in 1860 in Honduras. Fast Facts: William Walker Known For: Invading and taking over Latin American countries (known as filibustering)Also Known As: General Walker; the grey-eyed man of destinyBorn: May 8, 1824 in Nashville, TennesseeParents: James Walker, Mary NorvellDied: September 12, 1860 in Trujillo, HondurasEducation: University of Nashville, University of Edinburgh,  University of Heidelberg, University of PennsylvaniaPublished Works: The War in Nicaragua Early Life Born into a distinguished family in Nashville, Tennessee, on May 8, 1824, William Walker was a child genius. He graduated from the University of Nashville at the top of his class at the age of 14. By the time he was 25, he had a degree in medicine and another in law and was legally allowed to practice as both a doctor and lawyer. He also worked as a publisher and journalist. Walker was restless, taking a long trip to Europe and living in Pennsylvania, New Orleans, and San Francisco in his early years. Although he stood only 5-foot-2, Walker had a commanding presence and the charisma to spare. The Filibusters In 1850, Venezuelan-born Narciso Lopez led a group of mostly American mercenaries in an assault on Cuba. The goal was to take over the government and later attempt to become part of the United States. The state of Texas, which had broken off from Mexico a few years before, was an example of a region of a sovereign nation that had been taken over by Americans before gaining statehood. The practice of invading small countries or states with the intention of causing independence was known as filibustering. Although the U.S. government was in full expansionist mode by 1850, it frowned on filibustering as a way to expand the nations borders. Assault on Baja California Inspired by the examples of Texas and Lopez, Walker set out to conquer the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California, which at that time were sparsely populated. With only 45 men, Walker marched south and promptly captured La Paz, the  capital of Baja California. Walker renamed the state the Republic of Lower California, later to be replaced by the Republic of Sonora, declared himself president, and applied the laws of the State of Louisiana, which included legalized slavery. Back in the United States, word of his daring attack had spread. Most Americans thought Walkers project was a great idea. Men lined up to volunteer to join the expedition. Around this time, he got the nickname the gray-eyed man of destiny. Defeat in Mexico By early 1854, Walker had been reinforced by 200 Mexicans who believed in his vision and another 200 Americans from San Francisco who wanted to get in on the ground floor of the new republic. But they had few supplies, and discontent grew. The Mexican government, which could not send a large army to crush the invaders, nevertheless was able to muster up enough of a force to skirmish with Walker and his men a couple of times and keep them from getting too comfortable in La Paz. In addition, the ship that had carried him to Baja California sailed off against his orders, taking many of his supplies with it. In early 1854, Walker decided to roll the dice and march on the strategic city of Sonora. If he could capture it, more volunteers and investors would join the expedition. But many of his men deserted, and by May he had only 35 men left. He crossed the border and surrendered to American forces there, never having reached Sonora. On Trial Walker was tried in San Francisco in federal court on charges of violating United States neutrality laws and policies. Popular sentiment was still with him, however, and he was acquitted of all charges by a jury after only eight minutes of deliberating. He returned to his law practice, convinced that he would have succeeded with more men and supplies. Nicaragua Within a year, Walker was back in action. Nicaragua was a rich, green nation that had one great advantage: in the days before the  Panama Canal, most shipping went through Nicaragua along a route that led up the San Juan River from the Caribbean, across Lake Nicaragua and then overland to the port of Rivas. Nicaragua was in the throes of a civil war between the cities of Granada and Leon to determine which city would have more power. Walker was approached by the Leon faction—which was losing—and soon rushed to Nicaragua with some 60 well-armed men. Upon landing, he was reinforced with another 100 Americans and almost 200 Nicaraguans. His army marched on Granada and captured it in October 1855. Because he was already considered supreme general of the army, he had no trouble declaring himself president. In May 1856, U.S. President  Franklin Pierce  officially recognized Walkers government. Defeat in Nicaragua Walker had made many enemies in his conquest. Greatest among them was perhaps  Cornelius Vanderbilt, who controlled an international shipping empire. As president, Walker revoked Vanderbilts rights to ship through Nicaragua. Vanderbilt was enraged and sent soldiers to oust him. Vanderbilts men were joined by those of other Central American nations, chiefly Costa Rica, who feared that Walker would take over their countries. Walker had overturned Nicaraguas anti-slavery laws and made English the official language, which angered many Nicaraguans. In early 1857 the Costa Ricans invaded, supported by Guatemala,  Honduras, and El Salvador, as well as Vanderbilts money and men. Walkers army was defeated at the Second Battle of Rivas, and he was forced to return once again to the United States. Honduras Walker was greeted as a hero in the U.S., particularly in the South. He wrote a book about his adventures, resumed his law practice, and began making plans to try again to take Nicaragua, which he still believed to be his. After a few false starts, including one in which U.S. authorities captured him as he set sail, he landed near Trujillo, Honduras, where he was captured by the British Royal Navy. Death The British already had important colonies in Central American in British Honduras, now Belize, and the Mosquito Coast, in present-day Nicaragua, and they did not want Walker stirring up rebellions. They turned him over to Honduran authorities, who executed him by firing squad on Sept. 12, 1860. It is reported that in his final words he asked for clemency for his men, assuming the responsibility of the Honduras expedition himself. He was 36 years old. Legacy Walkers filibusters had a significant impact on southerners interested in maintaining slave-owning territory; even after his death, his example inspired the Confederacy. Central American countries, by contrast, saw their defeat of Walker and his armies as a source of pride. In Costa Rica, April 11 is celebrated as a national holiday to commemorate Walkers defeat at Rivas. Walker has also been the subject of several books and two movies. Sources The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"William Walker.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1 Mar. 2019.Levrier-Jones, George. â€Å"Man of Destiny: William Walker and the Conquest of Nicaragua.† History Is Now Magazine, 24 Apr. 2018.Norvell, John Edward, How Tennessee Adventurer William Walker became Dictator of Nicaragua in 1857: The Norvell Family origins of the Grey-Eyed Man of Destiny, The Middle Tennessee Journal of Genealogy and History, Vol XXV, No.4, Spring 2012