Free Essays on Green House Effect

Greenhouse Effect On a bright, cool day, most people notice the sun’s rays as feeling good on their skin. By nature, many of us even try to stay on the sunny side of the street while walking. The sun is 93 million miles away from earth and its energy travels to us in moving waves called radiation. The energy becomes heat, light and other energy too. Visible sunlight allows us to see the world around us, but there is invisible sunlight, too. These rays can’t be seen, but some can be felt as heat. They are called ultraviolet rays, and they are what changes the appearance of the skin, like wrinkles and even cancer. I discovered a blanket of gases known as the atmosphere surrounding our planet. It is what provides us with the air we breathe, and it protects us from the full blast of the sun’s radiation. Way up there in the part of the atmosphere called the stratosphere, a layer of gas called ozone, filters out most of the sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays. This happens about five miles to 25 miles above the surface of Earth (Bright 14-15). Only about one- millionth of our atmosphere is made up of ozone. But it has an important job. Ozone can absorb the part of the sunlight called ultraviolet radiation. Some ultraviolet radiation still gets through, but not enough to do serious damage to Earth. Because if it got through, life as we know it would be impossible. But there is a serious problem in the ozone layer. Each year, a large hole appears in it. It isn’t an actual hole, like a hole in a pocket, but a layer getting thinner as it shows up on the satellite pictures. The â€Å"hole† is right over Antarctica, covering an area about the size of the United States. Experiments done in Antartica show that the hole in the ozone layer appears to let in twice as much ultraviolet radiation as normal, according to measurements r... Free Essays on Green House Effect Free Essays on Green House Effect Greenhouse Effect On a bright, cool day, most people notice the sun’s rays as feeling good on their skin. By nature, many of us even try to stay on the sunny side of the street while walking. The sun is 93 million miles away from earth and its energy travels to us in moving waves called radiation. The energy becomes heat, light and other energy too. Visible sunlight allows us to see the world around us, but there is invisible sunlight, too. These rays can’t be seen, but some can be felt as heat. They are called ultraviolet rays, and they are what changes the appearance of the skin, like wrinkles and even cancer. I discovered a blanket of gases known as the atmosphere surrounding our planet. It is what provides us with the air we breathe, and it protects us from the full blast of the sun’s radiation. Way up there in the part of the atmosphere called the stratosphere, a layer of gas called ozone, filters out most of the sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays. This happens about five miles to 25 miles above the surface of Earth (Bright 14-15). Only about one- millionth of our atmosphere is made up of ozone. But it has an important job. Ozone can absorb the part of the sunlight called ultraviolet radiation. Some ultraviolet radiation still gets through, but not enough to do serious damage to Earth. Because if it got through, life as we know it would be impossible. But there is a serious problem in the ozone layer. Each year, a large hole appears in it. It isn’t an actual hole, like a hole in a pocket, but a layer getting thinner as it shows up on the satellite pictures. The â€Å"hole† is right over Antarctica, covering an area about the size of the United States. Experiments done in Antartica show that the hole in the ozone layer appears to let in twice as much ultraviolet radiation as normal, according to measurements r...

Evans and Ogbu's Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evans and Ogbu's Theories - Assignment Example Evans has identified that the Social Reproduction Theory has ignored the patterns of social structures and relationships; the theory states that "social action and interaction recreated the social structures and relationships over time and across space", which is objectionable because such social interactions have injected the elements of vanity, pride, fear, and hatred i.e. social exploitation and injustice. The Social Reproduction Theory has failed on the economic side, the theory has failed to justify and explain the existence of economic and social injustice, and rise in poverty even in the presence of interactive-social structures. This concept has been responsible for the increase in capital accumulation, which has deprived the underprivileged of recovery. Evan has suggested that the theory has failed "in the reproduction of the capital structures and the infrastructure that are necessary to carry on economic activity over time". Evan has identified the ignorance towards a biol ogical aspect of the human and social growth, the growth of human society is not by the virtue of social and economic structure, it shall include consideration towards "daily and generational parts of reproduction".The community and social factors have identified the integration of "anthropological and sociological theory". The Cultural Reproduction Theory has focused upon the relationship between the system and community forces, these forces are not proportional to each other however these certain share influence upon each other. The theory has explained that "system forces facilitated a set of communal responses which became strong enough instituted and widely enough shared to become community forces"; Evans has warned that irrespective of such system, any form of discrimination based upon cultural, racial and social heterogeneity, and shall inflict certain responses from involuntary minorities. Evans suggested that the theory has ignored the frequency of impact of specific social forces, such impact does not require "formative period to produce an everlasting result". The Cultural Reproduction Theory has discussed the influence of continuous changing community and system; however, it has failed to deliver significance and contribution of such special force/s. This theory has explained the translation of the cultural practices from family to family, and generation to generation; however, such translation has ignored the essence and role of the social forces which in the middle of the process have the capability to vary the translation or its interpretation. This theory has revealed the cultural reproduction based upon social influences but has ignored the notion of pluralism and convergence between varied cultural practices and perspectives.  

War Scroll (1QM) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

War Scroll (1QM) - Research Paper Example From the current discussion it can be comprehended that the War Scrolls were discovered with the other Qumran Scrolls. It is a manual that lays out military strategy and organization for a serious war that seems to be the final showdown of years of divergence amongst two different groups of people. These groups are indicated in the scrolls as the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness. From the point of view of researcher, the War Scrolls demonstrate the theoretical framework and conception of a group of people who belonged to the sect that hid the Qumran Scrolls in the cave. The author of the discussion infers this logically because at the time that the scrolls are dated (that is 50 BCE), Ancient Israel was under Roman Rule. Roman Rule was seen by many Jews of Ancient Israel as a rule perpetrated by people of an evil background. This is because many sources including the Christian New Testament indicate that the Jewish people of Ancient Israel had little regards for non-Jews. Th ey also saw the rule of Rome as some form of evil oppression that prevented Jews from carrying out the commandments in the Laws of Moses. So it appears that the scrolls meant the final wars and battles that would be fought between Israel and the Roman nation that would ultimately liberate Israel from its enemies. However, there are numerous interpretations that have various logical backings. Content Image 1.1 The War Scrolls 1QM: Courtesy of Hebrew University of Jerusalem The War Scrolls , 1QM is made up of 19 columns (Sukenik 1955, 1). It contains descriptions of the final showdown between the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness. Since the display is not very clear and easily understandable to the modern man (ie it is not in chapters and verses as we have it in the Bible of today), it is divided into columns for the purpose of analysis amongst modern day theologists and social scientists. Philip Davies (1977) identifies that the 1QM or War Scrolls is divided into four main Parts . Part 1 which includes Columns 2 to 9 of the scrolls. It is about the basic elements of the war and it gives a description of the organization of the armies of the wars and the composition of the various units of the war and its spiritual implications which is paralleled with the 12 Tribes of Israel and the protection of the Covenant between Israel and God. Part 2 of the 1QM gives a background to the conflict and explains it into more details and includes some liturgical elements that makes the war more of a religious one than a secular one. It covers columns 14 to 19. Part 3 covers columns 10 – 14 whilst Part 4 is about column 1 which predicts the eventual victory of the Sons of Light over the Sons of Darkness. The extract from Image 1.1 above echoes elements from Numbers 10:9 (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2011 paragraph 1). This indicates that the war is to be fought with the various elements of a fair war which are outlined in the Torah in Numbers 10 and repeated by Mo ses in Deuteronomy 20. This includes amongst other things, the fact that a religious war should be sanctioned with a special priest from the descendants of Aaron who are known amongst Jews today as the Kohanim. The 1QM scrolls indicate that a special Kohen has to declare certain things to the soldiers before a religious war is sanctioned. This implies that the Sons of Light are really involved in some elements of Jewish religious life. The Sons of Light in the Qumran Scrolls are referred to as Yahad (Qumran.org). Yahad has a strong

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Globalization - Essay Example In the recent past, globalization has been given impetus by a number of forces such as the rapid changes in communications (â€Å"Globalization†); the birth of new and sophisticated means of communication such as the telephone, and computer technology such as the internet and email has speeded up the process of globalization. With these new and efficient ways of communication, information, ideas and knowledge can be transmitted everywhere within seconds and this has led to increased connectivity and interdependence, thus globalization. Increased communication at international level has resulted to cross-cultural interactions between people and societies in general; it is now possible to transact business across the globe thus giving rise to what is now referred to as a global economy. The rapid changes in transportation have also been another factor that has led to increased globalization in the modern times (Pettinger); new and efficient means of transportation such as the airplanes, steamer ships, and electric trains among others have increased global connection and interrelatedness. It is now easier for people, goods, and ideas to move across national borders than it was before due to the increased ease in global transportation; in this regard, the whole world has been reduced into a global village due to the interconnectivity. Because of the increased ease of transportation, multinational corporations can now manufacture their goods and products in other countries and sell them across national borders. The increased connectivity and interrelatedness of global economies due to globalization has resulted to a number of effects, both positive and negative; for instance, multinational interactions have led to increased business opportunities and a global common market that is self-sustaining (â€Å"Effects of Globalization†). Multinational corporations can transact businesses

Test Review Chapters 1-3 Essay Example for Free

Test Review Chapters 1-3 Essay Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94) Test Review Chapters 1-3 Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94)

Developing High Quality Multimedia Products

Developing High Quality Multimedia Products Introduction: The increasing development of computer science including the web design in parallel to the huge revelation of media has resulted to an increase in multimedia content at the final product presented to the user (Martin Lynch, 2003). From this statement, we can immediately see the important role the multimedia is playing in our lives. We can hardly find a business product or a technical application that does not contain a multimedia content at the user interface level, in this paper we will be stating the best approach and methodology for Creating a high quality multimedia product with successful user interface. This methodology consists of including some important phases in the development process such as : Quality assurance, risk management and validation and verification, in order to get a maximum quality product ( sherwood Rout , 1998 ) and a content that is not noisy. Furthermore, to reach this objective, developers are obliged to consider the Human Computer Interaction discipline, in order to get interactive computer systems for human use (Hewett et al, (n.d.)). Concerning the evaluation of the final product, the multimedia interface needs to be evaluated on its usability and its purity, simplicity and beauty (Martin, Bolissian pimenidis, 2003). To recapitulate what we have said above, multimedia industry is facing many problems, such as â€Å" Noise â€Å" , developers are obliged to follow the a methodology and take in a serious consideration the human computer interaction discipline in order to overcome the bug of â€Å" Noisy multimedia product â€Å". Multimedia The first question one may ask when we talk about multimedia is, What is Multimedia ? Multimedia is, In short, the usage of different form of media put together in one seamlessly combined context. However, the definition of this word has been a problematic issue among scientists; the artists see it as a means of expression, a way of transmitting the information to the others. Whereas technologists have defined the word â€Å" multimedia † as a group of means that let the media to be obtained, represented, delivered and displayed. ( Mckerrow, 2005 ) . Multimedia has become a big essential part of our daily lives, as practically all types of information we exchange are categorized under multimedia from music to Tv to presentations to magazines to web sites. Multimedia development has been in permanent growth, this important field in the information technology incorporates expertise and knowledge from software engineering, business environment and the multimedia interface; In oth er words, multimedia is involved in the fields of computers, communications and the media. Having defined multimedia, let us now talk about a key factor in designing high quality multimedia products. Human Computer Interaction ( HCI ) Human Computer Interaction can be defined as the science concerned with the â€Å" plan and design â€Å", evaluation and implementation of computer systems that have user interface (Hewett et al, (n.d.)). The multimedia user interface has a very important role in deciding whether the multimedia content has been successful or not, because if the interface is usable and elegant the multimedia application will be achieving a big part of its objectives , such as being noiseless. Evaluation of multimedia products As multimedia is a vast domain and is involved in all domains, the evaluation of multimedia applications has never been an easy task, there are different aspects to look at when measuring the success of any multimedia application, for instance, the designer has to look to the business aspect and see whether his product is still demanded by customers, and does his product still meet all the requirements. In the visual design or web sites, success lies under the leanness concept (Martin, Bolissian pimenidis, 2003). The evaluation of multimedia product is hard and needs a structured framework, one should follow the coming framework to get his product well evaluated: Does the project accomplish the task was designed for ? Is the user happy with it ? Is the application reliable ? Is the application complete ? Can the user interact with the application in the best manner ? Can the system respond to any sudden changes ? Are the users served with only the exact requested information ? Can the system respond to all the stakeholders requirements (Martin, Bolissian pimenidis, 2003). Another important notion in the evaluation of a multimedia product is the term â€Å" Quality Of Service â€Å" ( QOS ). With the â€Å" Quality Of Service â€Å" we can measure how high quality is the multimedia application. According to Vogel et al ( 1994 ) Quality of service is those parameters of a multimedia application that influence the presentation of the content of the multimedia system to the user. In short, Quality of service is the customers satisfaction with the multimedia product. To sum up, The evaluation of the multimedia application and the Quality of service, which shows the users satisfaction with the product, are very important for the developers to design a high quality multimedia systems. Noise Noise is the first enemy of multimedia products producers, as it is very hard to control and it is unexpected problem. To ensure that our multimedia application is not noisy or to get a high quality product we, as developers, have to follow a structured methodology for multimedia systems development. Before we get into this methodology, let us see what noise is, and what existing solutions are to have noiseless multimedia content. In general, noise is known in the electronic and telecommunication field, when transmitting some data in a telecommunication system using a wire, we call any loss of data that may occur, Noise. The piece of information to be sent is ciphered and then sent to its destination ( the user for instance ) when it is received the data is deciphered and then read, any difference between the source message and the resulted message is due to the data loss and it is called â€Å" Noise â€Å" . To make sure that the data received is the same as the original one, computer programmers have added some codes that detect and correct errors to the original message (Martin Lynch, 2003). This solution seems to be effective and successful as it is still being used by telecommunication peoples and networking programmers. But what about Noise in multimedia ? ? ? which is more complicated to get rid of. In multimedia information systems and multimedia product, Noise can be defined as any inappropriate piece of information or content that is received by the user with regard to the content, structure of display, time of display, accuracy and in functionality and navigation. Basically , Noise occurs when the usability rules are not taken in consideration (Martin Lynch, 2003). Having defined noise, now, developers need to have a scale so that they can know at what extent their products are noisy or are noiseless, Martin Lynch,( 2003) have done it for us, Here is the recapitulation of their nice work : At first, multimedia is involved in a wide context. To well evaluate multimedia product we need to consider users opinion and do not be satisfied only by the view of visual designers and human computer interaction (HCI) designers. To know how noisy your multimedia system is, you must know the profile and the requirements of all the stakeholders. The system should adhere to the usability rules required by the stakeholders in term of meeting the objectives the system was designed for, with consideration to the computing infrastructure and the location where the multimedia system is operating. The framework for evaluating Noise in multimedia product: Stakeholders : does the system provide the users with only the needed information ? Visual design : is the user interface nice? Usabilty : is the multimedia system easy to use ? Information : is the data given correct ? is it on time ? is it the needed information ? Fit with computing devices : do the computing infrastructures give the results needed with the needed details ? Location : do the infrastructures of the system work in all the places. The need for a methodology to avoid â€Å" Noise â€Å" in multimedia products Multimedia industry is growing more rapidly than expected, high quality product and the gain of the users satisfaction has become now a prime consideration. To reach those objectives, developers must create noiseless multimedia systems. Before, the problem was in the method of production and in the way of thinking of developers and designers, as they used to look to what is being developed rather than looking to how is being developed ( sherwood Rout , 1998 ) . Recently, Multimedia producers have defined a methodology for the development of the multimedia products which leads to a Pure and Simple interface that are â€Å" noiseless â€Å" . Developers can benefit from adopting this well defined approach and a rigorous methodology many advantages such as : the quality of the product will be improved, and the staff will be guided and supported by templates and exemplars ( sherwood Rout , 1998 ) . Brief description of the methodology : The structured approach explained above, can be a benchmark which will help in the increase of the productivity and the quality of the multimedia product ( sherwood Rout , 1998 ) . This methodology brings some innovating ideas and tools. It brings new models of practice and it provides the staff of a multimedia project with templates and models which can be used to create a high quality multimedia products. This methodology, as Sherwood Rout ( 1998 ), have stated, includes six phases of multimedia development: Initiation : during this phase the general planning is done. Specifications : during this phase they test the feasibility and the usability of the Project. Design : during this phase the stakeholders are defined, and solution to perspective problems are found. Production : during this phase the final product will be finalizing. Review and Evaluation : during this phase a critical examination of the final product is done. Delivery and Implementation. during this phase the client is introduced to accept and sign the agreement to finalize the product. The power and the strength of this method is the incorporation of the quality assurance throughout all the development phases, which is a new way and very efficient one to get a noiseless product. Each phase of the previous ones, is divided into three main activities: Development Management : deal with legal issues and risk management Support : quality assurance , validation and verification. Further Issues : Well evaluate the multimedia product and well design it following a structured methodology, is the solution to design noiseless multimedia products. This is what we have given to the readers through this paper. But the problem with this solution is it is just a theoretical process in which the successful result does not follow in all cases. Because in the practical world nothing is perfect, bugs and mistakes have always existed. So in multimedia world also nothing is perfect ( noiseless ). I suggest that rather than trying to develop noiseless multimedia products, developers should try creating applications in which noise is minimized. It is better for both the user and the producer. Conclusion : The multimedia product has been evolving without cease in the last years due to the big importance of this field in the information technology. To have better multimedia systems, developers have to design carefully by including in this process many important points. The most important factor in designing not noisy multimedia product is to follow the structured methodology discussed above. Furthermore, producers or developers should think in the interface of the Human Computer Interaction and work out to develop a usable interface and aesthetic application. In my opinion, I see that if the usability rules are adhered, the developers will have a big step to reach their goal to create â€Å" Noiseless â€Å" multimedia application. But as we know multimedia is a vast domain and the main problem that developers are facing is : The perfect noiseless multimedia product can be developed only theoretically, as in the practical world we, always have some unwanted and unexpected errors and b ugs that make the system noisy. Now, its we who ask this question : â€Å" can we perform such applications in the real word ? ? ? â€Å". References: Hewett, Baecker, Card, Carey, Gasen, Mantei, Perlman, Strong and Verplank (2008), ACM SIGCHI Curricula for Human-Computer Interaction content available at : http://sigchi.org/cdg/cdg2.html#2_1 Martin, S., Bolissian, J., Pimenidis, E., (2003) ‘PURE and SIMPLE: a framework for the evaluation of Multimedia products School of computing and technology, university of east London,Uk Martin, S. and Lynch, J., (2003) ‘VISUAL: a framework for the evaluation of visual ‘noise in multimedia interface School of computing and technology, university of east London,Uk McKerrow, P., (2005) ‘Teaching content creation with programing, IEEE computer society 2005, university of Wollongong, Australia. Sherwood, C., and Rout, T., (1998) ‘a structured methodology for multimedia product and systems development, School of Computing and Information Technology, Griffith University, Australia. Vogel, A. Kerherv, B., Bochmann, G. and Gecsei, J., (1994) ‘Distributed Multimedia Applications and Quality of Service, Universite de Montreal 1994, Canada.

Skeptics and True Believers :: Free Essay Writer

Skeptics and True Believers In the first chapter, Raymo, opens with talk of his childhood. He brings to the surface the fact that children will believe just about anything they are told. In this chapter Raymo explains how people grow frm children into grown sdluts, peolpe somehow retain some of a child’s ability to believe in the unbelievable. It is the True Believer that retains â€Å"an absolute in some forms of empirically unverifiable make-belive...† (13), wheras the Skeptic always â€Å"keeps a wary eye even on firmly established facts.†(14) For an example, Raymo uses the Shroud of Turin, which simplly a linen cloth that has the likeness of a man on it ( some belive this man to be Christ). He tells of a time when the Roman Catholic authorities allowed scientists to radiocarbon date the Shroud. Small samples of the Shroud where sent with three samples controls of known age, to three independant labs. All three properly dated the controls and dated the Shroud to medieval time. Raymo conclueded that a Skeptic would have taken the evidence and belived it, while the True Beliver would find no truth in what was found. In fact, he said that the True Beliver would come up with explainations as to why the Shroud seems younger than it really is. In the next chapter, Raymo explains the main difference between Skeptics and True Believers is the opposite of what most people would think. He explains how â€Å"scientific concepts can be extraordinarily bizarre...† (27), wheras the True Believer believe what may seem much more sensible and somewhat down to earth. The example Raymo uses for this is DNA and its ability to reproduce itself. This tiny double-helix somehow manages to spilt and make a copy of its self from chemical components from whatever is surrounding it. It may seem easier for one to believe in a Shroud with a man’s face in it, or the picture of God in the Sistine Chapel, but it is the Skeptics who believe in the hard to concieve DNA. It is this DNA that contains the blueprints of what we are to look, talk, and act like. In chapter four, Raymo again brings up his childhood. He tells how he was forced into religion. The Church would not allow doubts to be spoken. For if it where to be questioned the whole religious system may fall apart. The only sources of information were the nuns, priest, and all other authorities that were ‘chosen’ by God.